FACTS ABOUT MEDICINE AND HEALTH. - DR. KRANTHI R VARDHAN

• The oldest known repair surgery dates back to 49 B.C., when the Hindu surgeon Susruta carried out an operation to treat intestinal perforations and obstructions by joining together the damaged parts of the intestine after cutting into the abdomen. He sutured the segments by placing the freshly-cut heads of giant black ants on the edges of the opposing sections, demonstrating knowledge of the antiseptic properties of the formic acid that is secreted by the ant heads.

• In the human body, blood that is travelling through veins back to the heart and lungs is coloured blue, not red. However, blood always appears red when the skin is cut because, upon contact with the oxygen-rich atmosphere, it turns red.

• Hippocrates did not introduce the Hippocratic Oath; it was created after his death. However, because of Hippocrates' legendary status, the oath was attributed to him to lend more weight to it.

• While the use of antibiotics did not begin in the 20th century, early folk medicine included the use of mouldy foods or soil for infections. In ancient Egypt, for example, infections were treated with mouldy bread.

• Seven of the twelve major nerves in the head—the cranial nerves—were discovered by the Greek physician Galen in the second century A.D. However, because of Galen's talent in medicine, for 1,400 years after his death, physiological research and neurological knowledge remained fairly static.

• Marie Curie, codiscoverer of radium, was the first person known to have died of radiation poisoning. Until Curie's death it was not known that radiation was dangerous.

• For every 100,000 girls, 223 will become doctors and 17,475 will become nurses.

• Heart attacks generally do not kill people. It is the complications from heart attacks, such as scarring of the heart tissues, that kill people.

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